It's boom time for mobile phones in India. And people are looking forward to more information, faster data access and multimedia services through their mobile phones. 3G technology is here to turn this dream into reality. It's a technology anxiously awaited by telecom operations and subscribers in India.
How long do you have to wait?
Not very long! India is all set to launch 3G mobile telephone services by June 2007.According to Telecom Regulatory Authority of India chairman Nripendra Misra, a total of 32.5 MHz is available for allocation within the next 6-9 months.Trai has also recommended auctioning 200 MHz for broadband wireless access services like Wimax (worldwide interoperability for microwave access) and has proposed a national frequency management board to oversee spectrum availability and its efficient use.He hopes that the allocated spectrum would be enough for the next two years and said Trai would recommend freeing up more spectrum for those who lose out in this auction. So what is 3G spectrum all about? Read on.
What is spectrum?
Radio spectrum refers to a range of radio frequencies. The bandwidth of a radio signal is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies of the signal.For example, in the case of a voice signal having a minimum frequency of 200 hertz (Hz) and a maximum frequency of 3,000 Hz, the bandwidth is 2,800 Hz (3 KHz). The amount of bandwidth needed for 3G services could be as much as 15-20 Mhz, whereas for 2G services a bandwidth of 30-200 KHz is used. Hence, for 3G huge bandwidth is required.
How is 3G different from 2G and 4G?
While 2G stands for second-generation wireless telephone technology, 1G networks used are analog, 2G networks are digital and 3G (third-generation) technology is used to enhance mobile phone standards.3G helps to simultaneously transfer both voice data (a telephone call) and non-voice data (such as downloading information, exchanging e-mail, and instant messaging. The highlight of 3G is video telephony. 4G technology stands to be the future standard of wireless devices.Currently, Japanese company NTT DoCoMo and Samsung are testing 4G communication.
How will 3G services help you?
3G services will enable video broadcast and data-intensive services such as stock transactions, e-learning and telemedicine through wireless communicationsAll telecom operators are waiting to launch 3G in India to cash in on revenues by providing high-end services to customers, which are voice data and video enabled. India lags behind many Asian countries in introducing 3G services.
What is Trai's recommendation on 3G pricing?
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India has recommended auctioning radio frequencies for 3G telecom services at a reserve price of Rs 1,050 crore (Rs 10.50 billion) to companies seeking to offer nationwide high-speed Internet and streaming video. The base price for spectrum in cities like Mumbai and Delhi and Category A telecom circles is Rs 80 crore (Rs 800 million); in cities like Chennai and Kolkata and Category B circles Rs 40 crore (Rs 400 million); and in all other cities Rs 15 crore (Rs 150 million).
What are the frequency bands and quota for CDMA?
Trai has recommended three sets of frequency bands - 450 mhz, 800 mhz and 2.1 ghz. For CDMA players like Reliance and Tata Teleservices 1.25 MHz each is offered. CDMA operators are free to bid both in the 2.1 GHz and the 450 MHz bands, but they will be allocated spectrum only in one. The pricing of these two bands is linked to the auction in the 2.1 GHz band. CDMA operators will pay the same as the second-highest GSM bidder. And if there is more than one claimant in the 450 MHz band, the reserve price will be half of that arrived at in the 2.1 GHz band. Another rider is that if the highest bid is a quarter more than the lowest, the lowest bidder has to raise its bid to 75 per cent of the winning bid. But CDMA operators are likely to face problems. Operating 3G services on 450 MHz is a problem because we they do not have dual-band phones that work both in 450 MHz and in 800 MHz (the band in which CDMA operates in India).
What are the issues regarding 3G for providers and users?
3G has successfully been introduced in Europe. But several issues continue to hamper its growth.
High spectrum licensing fees for the 3G services
Huge capital required to build infrastructure for 3G services.
Health impact of electromagnetic waves.
Prices are very high for 3G mobile services.
Will 2G users switch to 3G services.
Takes time to catch up as the service is new.
What are the issues regarding 3G pricing?
Pricing has been a cause of concern. Spectrum auctions ran into billions of euros in Europe. In Europe, spectrum licensing fees were collected years before the 3G service was developed and it required huge investments to build 3G networks, hitting mobile operators' margins.However, in Japan and South Korea, spectrum licensing fees were not applicable as the focus of these countries were national IT infrastructure development.
Which companies have applied for 3G license?
3G spectrum has been provided to GSM players like BSNL, MTNL, Bharti, and Hutch to carry out an interface check on a non-commercial basis ahead of the start of 3G mobile services.Trial spectrum has been given for a period of one month. This will be only 1/1000th of the actual 3G spectrum capability. Apart frm PSU majors, spectrum for carrying out 3G trials has been given to all those who have applied under the National Frequency Allocation Plan on the 2.1 GHz band. GSM players operate on 900 MHz and 1,800 MHz, while CDMA players operate on 800 MHz.
What is the pricing issue in India?
While Tatas have welcomed Trai's Rs 1,400-crore (Rs 14 billion) base price for a nationwide rollout of 3G services, the rest of the players find the price too exorbitant. Bharti-Airtel is disappointed with the pricing as they were expecting it to be Rs 300-400 crore (Rs 3-4 billion). The reserve price is a disincentive for telecom companies in India. Bharti has appealed to lower the prices specially for rural penetration. The Cellular Operators Association of India and the Association of Unified Service Providers of India are studying TRAI's recommendations and have not given their comments.However, Trai chairman Nripendra Misra has said that there is no reason to worry as players will not bid exorbitantly and derail the auction. Misra said telecom operators had matured from their experiences and global developments, and would bid sincerely. Where was 3G spectrum first introduced?Japan was the first country to introduce 3G on a large commercial scale. In 2005, about 40 per cent of subscribers used only 3G networks. It is expected that during 2006 the subscribers would move from 2G to 3G and upgrade to the next 3.5 G level. The success of 3G in Japan also shows that video telephony was the killer application for 3G networks. Downloading music was the biggest draw in 3G services.
In how many countries does 3G exist?
There are about 60 3G networks across 25 countries . In Asia, Europe and the USA, telecom firms use WCDMA technology. The WCDMA standard provides seamless global evolution from today's GSM with support of the worlds' largest mobile operators.WCDMA technology is built on open standards, wide ranging mobile multimedia possibility, and vast potential economies of scale with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks.
3G services were introduced in Europe in 2003
Tuesday, December 16, 2008
Monday, September 29, 2008
On the brink of famine
Despite growing attention in the world media and expanding efforts by many organizations, the world hunger crisis continues to worsen. There are innumerable people around us, who fight daily hunger and starvation, and still many people, defeated, at last, have now found a corner and sleeping until death finds them. The basic staples that feed the world- wheat, rice, corn continue their inexorable rise in cost and scarcity. Sudan, Zambia, Ethiopia and throughout the Horn of Africa, there is a dearth of food and people are not able to find a four square meal. The scarcity has become so acute that presently poor families are spending up to 80% of their budget on food. Every year 3.5 million children are dying due to malnutrition.
This crisis has its roots in four interlinked trends. The first is the chronically low productivity of farmers in the poorest countries. The farmers have little means to pay for the high prices of good quality seeds, multi-nutrient fertilizers and modern irrigation system. The second is the misguided policy in the U.S. and Europe of subsidizing the diversion of food crops to produce biofuels like corn based ethanol. The third is the drastic climate change; while it is raining day and night in one part; many other regions are experiencing drought like conditions. Take for example the recent droughts in Australia and Europe, which cut the global production of grain in 2005 and 2006. The fourth is the growing global demand for food and feed grain brought by the surging populations and income. To put in short, the rising demand has little supply, with the poor taking the hardest blow. Brisk actions are required or else food riots will become a commonplace in the entire world as it is presently in countries like Egypt, Yemen, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Haiti, Indonesia, Mexico, the Philippines, and Senegal. Newspapers in Egypt are reporting that people have started to go for inferior commodities lacking in nutritional value; they are buying less and less meat/poultry/cheese and they are also cutting down on expenses for education and health expenses, etc. the country is experiencing many price-related protests. The world has not experienced anything quite like this before. In the face of rising food prices and spreading hunger, the social order is beginning to break down in some countries. In several provinces in Thailand, for instance, rustlers steal rice by harvesting fields during the night. In response, Thai villagers with distant fields have taken to guarding ripe rice fields with loaded shotguns
It is time that the U.S. and Europe should abandon their policies of subsidizing the conversion of food into biofuels. The U.S. government gives farmers a taxpayer-financed subsidy of 51¢ per gal. of ethanol to divert corn from the food and feed-grain supply. There may be a case for biofuels produced on lands that do not produce foods--tree crops (like palm oil), grasses and wood products--but there's no case for doling out subsidies to put the world's dinner into the gas tank. We urgently need to weather proof the agricultural activities. While we cannot stop the clouds from pouring, but a small measure like a farm pond- that collects rain water, can do wonders in a dry spell and turn a famine into a bountiful harvest. The world has already committed to establishing a Climate Adaptation Fund to help poor regions climate-proof vital economic activities such as food production and health care but has not yet acted upon the promise.
What is true for food will be true for energy, water and other increasingly scarce resources. We can combat these problems--as long as we act rapidly. New energy sources like solar thermal power and new energy-saving technologies like plug-in hybrid automobiles can be developed and mobilized within a few years. Environmentally sound fish-farming can relieve pressures on the oceans. The food crisis provides not only a warning but also an opportunity. We need to invest vastly more in sustainable development in order to achieve true global security and economic growth.
What we do know:
· Wheat prices are up 120%
· Rice prices have risen 75%
· Poor families spend up to 80% of their budget on food
· According to the World Bank, an estimated 100 million people have fallen into poverty in the last 2 years
· Prices are expected to stay high through 2015
· 21 of 36 countries in a food security crisis are in Sub-Saharan Africa, according to the United Nations FAO
· West Africa, the Horn of Africa, and fragile states are especially vulnerable.
But what we need to know is that still there are places and people who waste food. A lot of food is wasted every day at our hostels, house and hotels. For every unfortunate who sleeps starving, there is his fortunate counter-part who just threw his supper because he did not find it tantalizing. It’s a request to everyone who reads this- kindly think twice, before you waste food, about the 3.5 million children and the families that die every year due to hunger and starvation. There are a few who lives to eat, a little more who eats to live but there are millions dying without eating.
This crisis has its roots in four interlinked trends. The first is the chronically low productivity of farmers in the poorest countries. The farmers have little means to pay for the high prices of good quality seeds, multi-nutrient fertilizers and modern irrigation system. The second is the misguided policy in the U.S. and Europe of subsidizing the diversion of food crops to produce biofuels like corn based ethanol. The third is the drastic climate change; while it is raining day and night in one part; many other regions are experiencing drought like conditions. Take for example the recent droughts in Australia and Europe, which cut the global production of grain in 2005 and 2006. The fourth is the growing global demand for food and feed grain brought by the surging populations and income. To put in short, the rising demand has little supply, with the poor taking the hardest blow. Brisk actions are required or else food riots will become a commonplace in the entire world as it is presently in countries like Egypt, Yemen, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Haiti, Indonesia, Mexico, the Philippines, and Senegal. Newspapers in Egypt are reporting that people have started to go for inferior commodities lacking in nutritional value; they are buying less and less meat/poultry/cheese and they are also cutting down on expenses for education and health expenses, etc. the country is experiencing many price-related protests. The world has not experienced anything quite like this before. In the face of rising food prices and spreading hunger, the social order is beginning to break down in some countries. In several provinces in Thailand, for instance, rustlers steal rice by harvesting fields during the night. In response, Thai villagers with distant fields have taken to guarding ripe rice fields with loaded shotguns
It is time that the U.S. and Europe should abandon their policies of subsidizing the conversion of food into biofuels. The U.S. government gives farmers a taxpayer-financed subsidy of 51¢ per gal. of ethanol to divert corn from the food and feed-grain supply. There may be a case for biofuels produced on lands that do not produce foods--tree crops (like palm oil), grasses and wood products--but there's no case for doling out subsidies to put the world's dinner into the gas tank. We urgently need to weather proof the agricultural activities. While we cannot stop the clouds from pouring, but a small measure like a farm pond- that collects rain water, can do wonders in a dry spell and turn a famine into a bountiful harvest. The world has already committed to establishing a Climate Adaptation Fund to help poor regions climate-proof vital economic activities such as food production and health care but has not yet acted upon the promise.
What is true for food will be true for energy, water and other increasingly scarce resources. We can combat these problems--as long as we act rapidly. New energy sources like solar thermal power and new energy-saving technologies like plug-in hybrid automobiles can be developed and mobilized within a few years. Environmentally sound fish-farming can relieve pressures on the oceans. The food crisis provides not only a warning but also an opportunity. We need to invest vastly more in sustainable development in order to achieve true global security and economic growth.
What we do know:
· Wheat prices are up 120%
· Rice prices have risen 75%
· Poor families spend up to 80% of their budget on food
· According to the World Bank, an estimated 100 million people have fallen into poverty in the last 2 years
· Prices are expected to stay high through 2015
· 21 of 36 countries in a food security crisis are in Sub-Saharan Africa, according to the United Nations FAO
· West Africa, the Horn of Africa, and fragile states are especially vulnerable.
But what we need to know is that still there are places and people who waste food. A lot of food is wasted every day at our hostels, house and hotels. For every unfortunate who sleeps starving, there is his fortunate counter-part who just threw his supper because he did not find it tantalizing. It’s a request to everyone who reads this- kindly think twice, before you waste food, about the 3.5 million children and the families that die every year due to hunger and starvation. There are a few who lives to eat, a little more who eats to live but there are millions dying without eating.
Wednesday, July 23, 2008
DAL LAKE – A MAN MADE MISERY
The highlight of a visit to Kashmir has to be an overnight stay at one of the gorgeous houseboats on Dal Lake. A tranquil and beautiful lake surrounded by mountains. The lake is fed by runoff from the Himalays. Several houseboats are moored around the lake.
But the world famous Dal Lake, one of the largest natural lakes in India is dying. In Srinagar, the lake is carrying the burden of several hamlets, floating gardens, hotels and lodges. Once heart wrenchingly beautiful, the lake today takes in the entire city’s sewage. Human refuse from the houseboats is discharged into the lake. As a result, the quality of the lake is deteriorating and its vast aquatic reserves is dangerously shrinking. The growth of a mysterious red weed during the last decade has further choked the lake.
Besides being a tourist attraction and a source of livelihood to hundreds of localities, the Dal lake has been a source of inspiration for many poets and painters. But the local people, who have observed the ecological damage over the years knows that the end of this beautiful lake is not very far. In not more than two decades the lake might be reduced to a dirty pond.
If we refer to the data, in 1200 A.D this lake was 75 sq km in area. By the 1980s the area reduced to 25 sq km, and today it has shrunk to merely 12 sq km. So the first question that comes to our mind is- How? Was the lake stroked with a geological bomb? What caused such serious degradation to this beautiful lake? The human settlements, water pollution, construction within and on the periphery of the lake, and continued agricultural activity (like the floating gardens), lead to the steady degradation of the lake.
Today 3,00,000 people are living in the catchment area and over 30,000 live on the lake. The floating garden , which provide 50 percent of the vegetables to the Kashmir Valley, is a major threat to the lake. Though beautiful, but it is a ticking time bomb. The debris and organic waste from these garden settles into the lake bed, making it shallow. The lake which was 17 feet a decade ago is now only 9 feet deep today. Shocked? I was too! Though the government is taking steps to conserve this lake, but not as concrete as it should be. (I saw in one of the news channel that the UPA government invested Rs. 9 cr. to buy MPs to protect the falling government. The ministers were displaying bundles of cash in the Parliament.) Politics apart!! Although the state administration has tried to relocate people from the lake to residential colonies, it has not met with any success. As these people were not provided any means of livelihood, they were forced to return back to the lake. In ancient time, some people were given right on the lake by the then kings. People have exploited this privilege and have brought up hotels and lodges by filling parts of the lake. Such construction has caused a serious ecological unbalance.
Above all, the city’s sewage is been continuously dumped into the lake- untreated! The city of Srinagar, one of the hot-spots of Indian Tourism, do not have a proper drainage and sewage system, till date. A recent report from the Directorate of Environment (Kashmir) stated that the disposal of sewage was one of the main factors behind the growth of algae in the lake. There came a red warning in August 1991, whereby a thick layer of red algal bloom Euglena rubra - appeared on the surface of the lake. The local fish population of Shizo thorax declined, and the faeces of warm-blooded animals contaminated the water. Surprisingly enough, the important water plant - Eurayle ferox - too disappeared from the lake due to the deteriorating water quality.
Revival of tourism has brought its own problem. During the peak months, the Dal lake is choked with plastic bags and coke cans. People litter around this majestic gift of nature to our country.
Dal lake pollution provides us with a classic example of how little we appreciate the beauty of nature. Dal lake-much visited, little understood-has become a pathetic sight. It no longer cleans the body; it only saps the body and sags the soul!
But the world famous Dal Lake, one of the largest natural lakes in India is dying. In Srinagar, the lake is carrying the burden of several hamlets, floating gardens, hotels and lodges. Once heart wrenchingly beautiful, the lake today takes in the entire city’s sewage. Human refuse from the houseboats is discharged into the lake. As a result, the quality of the lake is deteriorating and its vast aquatic reserves is dangerously shrinking. The growth of a mysterious red weed during the last decade has further choked the lake.
Besides being a tourist attraction and a source of livelihood to hundreds of localities, the Dal lake has been a source of inspiration for many poets and painters. But the local people, who have observed the ecological damage over the years knows that the end of this beautiful lake is not very far. In not more than two decades the lake might be reduced to a dirty pond.
If we refer to the data, in 1200 A.D this lake was 75 sq km in area. By the 1980s the area reduced to 25 sq km, and today it has shrunk to merely 12 sq km. So the first question that comes to our mind is- How? Was the lake stroked with a geological bomb? What caused such serious degradation to this beautiful lake? The human settlements, water pollution, construction within and on the periphery of the lake, and continued agricultural activity (like the floating gardens), lead to the steady degradation of the lake.
Today 3,00,000 people are living in the catchment area and over 30,000 live on the lake. The floating garden , which provide 50 percent of the vegetables to the Kashmir Valley, is a major threat to the lake. Though beautiful, but it is a ticking time bomb. The debris and organic waste from these garden settles into the lake bed, making it shallow. The lake which was 17 feet a decade ago is now only 9 feet deep today. Shocked? I was too! Though the government is taking steps to conserve this lake, but not as concrete as it should be. (I saw in one of the news channel that the UPA government invested Rs. 9 cr. to buy MPs to protect the falling government. The ministers were displaying bundles of cash in the Parliament.) Politics apart!! Although the state administration has tried to relocate people from the lake to residential colonies, it has not met with any success. As these people were not provided any means of livelihood, they were forced to return back to the lake. In ancient time, some people were given right on the lake by the then kings. People have exploited this privilege and have brought up hotels and lodges by filling parts of the lake. Such construction has caused a serious ecological unbalance.
Above all, the city’s sewage is been continuously dumped into the lake- untreated! The city of Srinagar, one of the hot-spots of Indian Tourism, do not have a proper drainage and sewage system, till date. A recent report from the Directorate of Environment (Kashmir) stated that the disposal of sewage was one of the main factors behind the growth of algae in the lake. There came a red warning in August 1991, whereby a thick layer of red algal bloom Euglena rubra - appeared on the surface of the lake. The local fish population of Shizo thorax declined, and the faeces of warm-blooded animals contaminated the water. Surprisingly enough, the important water plant - Eurayle ferox - too disappeared from the lake due to the deteriorating water quality.
Revival of tourism has brought its own problem. During the peak months, the Dal lake is choked with plastic bags and coke cans. People litter around this majestic gift of nature to our country.
Dal lake pollution provides us with a classic example of how little we appreciate the beauty of nature. Dal lake-much visited, little understood-has become a pathetic sight. It no longer cleans the body; it only saps the body and sags the soul!
PULSE POLIO PROGRAMME AND OPV---- The Government Stand
When Albert Sabin discovered Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) he made a point to the WHO that the vaccines contain live polio virus. Though cheaper than IPV, it carries a risk of pathogenic reversion in the vaccinated individual. He reminded the countries using OPV to immunize children that it is not the ultimate, but the immediate solution to control polio, and that they should switch back to IPV or a clinically balanced combination of OPV and IPV. The issue that we have come across in recent years in our country is that over 4,000 immunized children with OPV have shown polio like symptoms and there are numbers above it who have died. The question arises when majority of countries e.g. USA has recourse to use IPV since 2000, how India justifies the continued use of OPV even today? And the most serious question that prevails –Can India, ever become Polio free?
Modern polio vaccines are based on viruses grown in bulk in tissue cultures derived from monkey kidney cells. Live attenuated vaccines such as OPV generally elicit a stronger and long-lasting immune response than is provoked by ‘killed’ viral antigen preparations like IPV. The strong IgA response elicited by OPV in the gut also gives a high level protection against infection with wild-type, I repeat, ‘wild-type’. The ease with which an oral vaccine can be given and its low cost has made it very popular. Hence OPV has replaced IPV in many countries.
However we cannot ignore the danger associated with the OPV. As I have mentioned before, OPV contains live virus, so there is always a possibility of pathogen reversion in the vaccinated individuals. Genetic changes that occur in the attenuated strain are reversed, or new mutations are acquired, to provide a virus with similar properties to the wild-type strain. The closer the similarity between the wild-type strain and the attenuated strain, the greater the chances of pathogenic reversion occurring. In the past three years, over 4,000 children have been tested positive with vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP). By contrast with OPV, IPV has been responsible for only one instance of VAPP in its 50 years history. For this reason countries like Netherlands, USA and many more have increasingly switched back to using IPV, or a combination of IPV followed by OPV to maximize the safety and effectiveness of each vaccine.
Trusting that the children can be saved from Polio, we are vaccinating them with OPV. But simultaneously, we are also throwing them in the clutches of VAPP. Injections are costly but less risky. In comparison, drops are 25 times cheap, and easy to administer, the least responsibility our government is ready to carry. In recent times the government has declared that some children whose stool did not yield wild-type polio virus, still yielded vaccine virus. Many doctors, who expected such instance of vaccine associated paralysis to be around 180, were alarmed that in the last three years alone they totaled to about 4,400. Doctors are raising ethical concerns about such issues and started addressing the press that Pulse Polio Programme has failed in India, and that it has many associated problems. A recent example of such concern was published in The Hindu, Delhi Edition.
During these 12 years that the Pulse Polio Programme continued, people, both lay and medical practitioners alike, were misled by the Government’s propaganda: that “polio drops are completely safe”, “Get your children vaccinated again and again”. Media, filmdom, and even the Honorable President of India were made use of in spreading this untruth. The Government of India knew well though -like the WHO did too- that VAPP cases would surely emerge in the process. Had the Government taken people into confidence, explained the risks involved in this programme truthfully, gone on with it with their consent, examined any VAPP cases that emerged, and paid pre-arranged compensations to such victims honestly, it would have been OK. Instead, by keeping the information on VAPP secret, by spreading untruth, by declaring the numbers of only “confirmed wild polio cases” and putting all other Acute flaccid paralysis cases (AFPs) into “discarded” category- in an apparent effort to cover up the exact numbers of VAPP victims, by not taking into account the deaths following vaccination, and by employing many such devious methods, the Government of India complicated the issue.
A very simple answer to this behavior of the Government of India was drawn in a seminar that occurred at AIMS. The panel of doctors participated derived the result that India continue to hide from its responsibility because it do not want the huge funds that it receives from the WHO to stop. India every year receives millions of dollars from WHO for Polio eradication. There exists corruption at the top ministry involving the constructive deploy of these funds. Had India sincerely taken steps to eradicate Polio, Polio would have been a history. But yet even the Pulse Polio Programme, the trusted and famous endeavour of the Government of India, has failed to reach the remote part of Bihar, Jharkhand, UP, Uttrakhand, MP and many eastern states of India, where this PPP is not sincerely monitored.
After pondering over the issue for a long time, I concluded that all I can do is to create awareness among the people. People should understand the threats associated with the use of OPV. And now, it’s their own responsibility to protect their children from Polio and VAPP. The Government of India, like always, has failed to carry its responsibility in this matter also. One thing our government never fails in is- “Failing again and again!”
Modern polio vaccines are based on viruses grown in bulk in tissue cultures derived from monkey kidney cells. Live attenuated vaccines such as OPV generally elicit a stronger and long-lasting immune response than is provoked by ‘killed’ viral antigen preparations like IPV. The strong IgA response elicited by OPV in the gut also gives a high level protection against infection with wild-type, I repeat, ‘wild-type’. The ease with which an oral vaccine can be given and its low cost has made it very popular. Hence OPV has replaced IPV in many countries.
However we cannot ignore the danger associated with the OPV. As I have mentioned before, OPV contains live virus, so there is always a possibility of pathogen reversion in the vaccinated individuals. Genetic changes that occur in the attenuated strain are reversed, or new mutations are acquired, to provide a virus with similar properties to the wild-type strain. The closer the similarity between the wild-type strain and the attenuated strain, the greater the chances of pathogenic reversion occurring. In the past three years, over 4,000 children have been tested positive with vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP). By contrast with OPV, IPV has been responsible for only one instance of VAPP in its 50 years history. For this reason countries like Netherlands, USA and many more have increasingly switched back to using IPV, or a combination of IPV followed by OPV to maximize the safety and effectiveness of each vaccine.
Trusting that the children can be saved from Polio, we are vaccinating them with OPV. But simultaneously, we are also throwing them in the clutches of VAPP. Injections are costly but less risky. In comparison, drops are 25 times cheap, and easy to administer, the least responsibility our government is ready to carry. In recent times the government has declared that some children whose stool did not yield wild-type polio virus, still yielded vaccine virus. Many doctors, who expected such instance of vaccine associated paralysis to be around 180, were alarmed that in the last three years alone they totaled to about 4,400. Doctors are raising ethical concerns about such issues and started addressing the press that Pulse Polio Programme has failed in India, and that it has many associated problems. A recent example of such concern was published in The Hindu, Delhi Edition.
During these 12 years that the Pulse Polio Programme continued, people, both lay and medical practitioners alike, were misled by the Government’s propaganda: that “polio drops are completely safe”, “Get your children vaccinated again and again”. Media, filmdom, and even the Honorable President of India were made use of in spreading this untruth. The Government of India knew well though -like the WHO did too- that VAPP cases would surely emerge in the process. Had the Government taken people into confidence, explained the risks involved in this programme truthfully, gone on with it with their consent, examined any VAPP cases that emerged, and paid pre-arranged compensations to such victims honestly, it would have been OK. Instead, by keeping the information on VAPP secret, by spreading untruth, by declaring the numbers of only “confirmed wild polio cases” and putting all other Acute flaccid paralysis cases (AFPs) into “discarded” category- in an apparent effort to cover up the exact numbers of VAPP victims, by not taking into account the deaths following vaccination, and by employing many such devious methods, the Government of India complicated the issue.
A very simple answer to this behavior of the Government of India was drawn in a seminar that occurred at AIMS. The panel of doctors participated derived the result that India continue to hide from its responsibility because it do not want the huge funds that it receives from the WHO to stop. India every year receives millions of dollars from WHO for Polio eradication. There exists corruption at the top ministry involving the constructive deploy of these funds. Had India sincerely taken steps to eradicate Polio, Polio would have been a history. But yet even the Pulse Polio Programme, the trusted and famous endeavour of the Government of India, has failed to reach the remote part of Bihar, Jharkhand, UP, Uttrakhand, MP and many eastern states of India, where this PPP is not sincerely monitored.
After pondering over the issue for a long time, I concluded that all I can do is to create awareness among the people. People should understand the threats associated with the use of OPV. And now, it’s their own responsibility to protect their children from Polio and VAPP. The Government of India, like always, has failed to carry its responsibility in this matter also. One thing our government never fails in is- “Failing again and again!”
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